MODAL+VERBS

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[|Usos de Could]

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[|MODAL FINAL TEST] // Must //// is // used: 1. for strong obligations imposed by the speaker. The speaker uses // must // to express his/her authority. // You must be here by 8 am. // (manager to employee) 2. to give strong advice. // It's a great film. You really must go and see it. // 3. to tell oneself what is necessary. // I must remember to phone Roger. //
 * Obligation and necessity **
 * // A. Must/Mustn't + //** infinitive without // to //

// Must not // or // mustn't is // used: 4. to talk about something that is not permitted. // Passengers must not smoke on the aircraft. // // You mustn't drive without your seatbelt on in Britain. //

// 5. // to give strong advice. (It can be dangerous, damaging,…) // You mustn't work too hard. You'll make yourself ill. //

// Must // does not have a past form. // Had to is // therefore used to refer to the past. // We //// had to //// write a formal letter in the exam. // Question form: // Must is // possible in question forms: // Must you wear that horrible dress? // although // have to is // more common: // What do we have to do for homework? //
 * Past form **

// Have to is // used to refer to strong obligations imposed by another person rather than by the speaker or writer. // I //// have to be //// at work by 8 o'clock. The boss will get angry if I'm late. // (empIoyee to a friend) // Don't have to // expresses a lack of obligation. // I'm glad I don't have to wear a suit. It's so hot today. // // Need to is // used to express necessity. // Can we go to the baker's next? I //// need //// to get some bread. //
 * // B. Have to/Don't have to //**
 * // C Need to/Don't need to/Needn't //**

// We don't need to/needn't leave yet. It's only 2 o'clock. //
 * // Don't need to/needn't //** express a lack of necessity

// Should // and // shouldn't // are used to express obligation or give advice. // Ought to // can also be used with the same meaning as // should. // // “You //// ought to/should //// see a doctor about your backache.” // // “ If you're on a diet you //// shouldn't //// drink beer: // // Be supposed to is // used to talk about what you should do because of a rule or because it is expected.
 * // D. Should/ Shouldn't //**// + // infinitive without // to //
 * // E. Be supposed to/Had better //**

// Come on, it's 10 O’clock. You're supposed to be in bed! // // Had better + // infinitive without // to is // used to talk about what you should do because you think it's a good idea. // You'd better ask your dad before you borrow the car. //

· To express permission it is possible to use // can ////, //// may // (more formal) or // be allowed to ////. // In the negative these express lack of permission, or prohibition. // You //// can //// order another drink but you //// can't //// have any more chips. // // We //// aren't allowed to //// wear trainers to school. // · // May //// is // not possible in the past. · // Could // and // be // // allowed //// to // are possible for general permission. // In my last job we had flexitime so we //// could //// arrive more or less when we wanted to. //
 * Permission **

· // Could //// is // not used when referring to a particular situation in the past. Only // be allowed to is // possible. // I was allowed to stay up late last night. //

Both these verbs are followed by the infinitive without // to ////. Let is // used to express permission. // My dad never //// lets me //// watch that programme. // // Let //// is // not normally used in the passive. // Be allowed //// to is // used instead. // I //// wasn't allowed to go //// to the party alone. Make is // used to express obligation. // The teacher //// made her do //// some extra homework. // In the passive, // make is // followed by the infinitive with // to. //// He was made to pay f //// or the window he had broken. //
 * // Let //** and **//make//**

“John has lived in England all his life, He MUST speak English really well” He MUST HAVE gone. (estoy seguro de que él se ha marchado)
 * Certainty MUST **
 * Affirmative in the present: (estoy seguro de que él habla bien)
 * Affirmative in the past:

“You CAN’T be tired you’ve been sleeping for 12 hours” …………estés cansado. “You CAN’T HAVE seen my sister she lives in Madrid” ……….hayas visto a mi hermana.
 * Certainty CAN’T (es imposible que…) **

If we are not certain about something but think it is possible, we use **may (not), might (not) or could.**
 * Possibility **

1. For present situations these modal verbs are followed by the infinitive without to. The continuous infinitive is also possible.

`Ed's not answering my e-mails.' `He might be on holiday.' He could be telling the truth, but it's hard to believe.

2. For past situations we use the same modal verbs + have + past participle (the continuous form is possible).

<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style',serif; font-size: 12pt;">I think we may have taken the wrong road. This doesn't look familiar.

<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sean looked a little sad.' `He might not have been feeling very well.'

<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style',serif; font-size: 12pt;">NB It is not possible to use can when speculating about present or past situations.

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